Curious Questions: Why is an artist's final performance called their 'swansong'?

Some artists find it hard to call it a day. Elton John is embarking upon a 300-concert world tour to mark his retirement from touring. It will span three years.

Dame Nellie Melba spent eight years, between 1920 and 1928, performing what she called final concerts, prompting the Australians, famed for their inventive use of language, to spawn the phrase 'more farewells than Nellie Melba'. Frank Sinatra caught the same bug, performing more farewell tours than you could shake a stick at.

But it's Neil Young who summed it up best (as is often the case) in an interview with the Rolling Stone magazine in March 2018: 'When I retire, people will know, because I’ll be dead.'

As a child I was fascinated by the fables attributed to Aesop. In The Swan and the Goose, the cook goes to the outhouse in the dark to get the goose to put in the pot. He picks the swan by mistake and it is only saved when it bursts into song, an early reference to the propensity of a swan to sing just before its demise. Given the uncertainty surrounding the dating of these fables, it may not be the earliest.

There are references to the volume of a swan’s call in Hesiod and the clarity, sonority and sweetness of its song in Alcman and Pindar, but it was Aeschylus, in his play Agamemnon (dated to 458BC) who gave us the image of a swan bursting into song just before its death. Clytemnestra describes Cassandra’s death throes as 'singing her last death-laden lament like a swan.'

By the 3rd century BCE, the notion that a swan sings a mournful song immediately before its death had attained proverbial status. But is there any truth to it?

Pliny the Elder, in his Naturalis Historia from around 77 CE, was emphatic in his refutation: 'observation shows that the story that the dying swan sings is false.' Yet while it is true that swans are not noted for their vocal abilities – there is the Mute Swan, after all – they do indeed make noises.

The Whooper Swan, which was to be found in Ancient Greece, makes a honking sound, hence its name, and when it dies, because it has an extra tracheal loop in its sternum, its collapsing lungs make a long, drawn-out series of notes. Beautiful it may not be – the Encyclopaedia Britannica describing it in 1823 as akin to 'a clarionet when blown by a novice in music' – but a sound it certainly is. It was enough to convince the Prussian naturalist, Peter Pallas, towards the end of the 18th century, that this was the origin of story.

Swans here in Britain are protected so I cannot vouch for the veracity of the story from personal experience. I will have to rely on the testimony of a zoologist, D G Elliot, who winged a tundra swan in flight and noted, in 1898, that as it made its long glide down towards terra firma, it gave out a series of 'plaintive and musical' notes which sounded 'like the soft running of the notes of an octave.'

However loose the association between a swan’s song and its death is in reality, you can’t keep a beautiful image down. Writers down the ages, perhaps more influenced by Aesop and Aeschylus than the killjoy Pliny, have been drawn to it. Chaucer, in his Parlement of Foules, wrote of the jealous swan singing before his death and Portia in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice says, 'then, if he loses, he makes a swan-like end, fading in music.' Even Leonardo da Vinci repeated the canard, writing that, 'the swan … sings sweetly as it dies, that song ending its life.'

Turning to swansong used specifically as a noun, the Scottish evangelical cleric John Willison referred to King David’s 'swan-song'in his Scripture Songs, written in the middle of the 18th century: in the second of his Five Sacramental Sermons, he wrote, 'you may sing that swan-song.'

The phrase was sufficiently well-known for Samuel Taylor Coleridge to use in his epigram On a Volunteer Singer, to make a joke – a joke that I'll be sure to remember next time I’m made to suffer through a karaoke session:

The specific association of a musician with a swansong can probably be traced back to Franz Schubert. He died tragically young in 1828 at the age of 31, officially from typhoid but more likely syphilis. A year later, Tobias Haslinger published a collection of songs which Schubert had written just before his death, under the title of Schwanengesang. This was the composer’s farewell to the world.

Whether they know it or not, artists who perform their swan-song are stepping into Schubert’s shoes. As he was only 5'1" and was nicknamed Schwammerl – ‘little mushroom’ – those shoes are unlikely to have been that big...

Martin Fone is the author of 50 Curious Questions, available via Amazon. 

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