Churchill’s extraordinary speeches hinged on a series of Classical rhetorical devices. In an essay entitled The Scaffolding of Rhetoric, he described their use as ‘the subtle art of combining the various elements that separately mean nothing and collectively mean so much in an harmonious proportion is known to a very few’.
Here are a few of his most famous flourishes:
Anaphora The repetition of words or phrases at the start of a succession of clauses. ‘We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields, and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender’
Litotes Deliberate understatement. ‘Business carried on as usual during alterations on the map of Europe’
Antimetabole The repetition of words in successive clauses, but with their order transposed. ‘This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning’
Paronomasia Using similar-sounding words or phrases. ‘To jaw-jaw is always better than to war-war’
Catachresis An arresting image that pushes the boundaries of ordinary usage. ‘...a new Dark Age made more sinister... by the lights of perverted science’
Epizeuxis Emphatic repetition. ‘...this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never.
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An idyllic Hampstead mansion whose price has risen nine times faster than inflation — and it's not hard to see whyCloth Hill is even more beautiful on the inside than it is on the outside.
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Food with a pinch of salt: The crops we can harvest from the seaFilling, rewarding and nutritious, vegetables and plants grown in saline environments — whether by accident or design — have plenty of potential, discovers Deborah Nicholls-Lee. Illustration by Alan Baker.
